参考文献

[1]SILVERBERG S J,SHANE E,JACOBS T P,et al.A 10-year prospective study of primary hyperparathyroidism with or without parathyroid surgery[J].N Engl J Med,1999,341(17):1249-1255.

[2]PARKS J,COE F,FAVUS M.Hyperparathyroidism in nephrolithiasis[J].Arch Intern Med,1980,140(11):1479-1481.

[3]ALON U S,ZIMMERMAN H,ALON M.Evaluation and treatment of pediatric idiopathic urolithiasis-revisited[J].Pediatric Nephrol,2004,19(5):516-520.

[4]STAPLETON F B,ROY S R,NOE H N,et al.Hypercalciuria in children with hematuria[J].N Engl J Med,1984,310(21):1345-1348.

[5]COEF L,PARKS J H,MOORE E S.Familial idiopathic hypercalciuria[J].N Engl J Med,1979,300(7):337-340.

[6]DEVUYST O,PIRSON Y.Genetics of hypercalciuric stone forming diseases[J].Kidney Int,2007,72(9):1065-1072.

[7]WORCESTER E M,GILLEN D L,EVAN A P,et al.Evidence that postprandial reduction of renal calcium reabsorption mediates hypercalciuria of patients with calcium nephrolithiasis[J].Am J Physiol-Renal Physiol,2007,292(1):F66-F75.

[8]COEF L,FAVUS M J,CROCKETT T,et al.Effects of low-calcium diet on urine calcium excretion,parathyroid function and serum 1,25(OH)2D3 levels in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria and in normal subjects[J].Ame J Med,1982,72(1):25-32.

[9]MELTON L J R,CROWSON C S,KHOSLA S,et al.Fracture risk among patients with urolithiasis:a population-based cohort study[J].Kidney Int,1998,53(2):459-464.

[10]CURHAN G C,WILLETT W C,RIMM E B,et al.A prospective study of dietary calcium and other nutrients and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones[J].N Engl J Med,1993,328(12):833-838.

[11]CURHAN G C,WILLETT W C,SPEIZER F E,et al.Comparison of dietary calcium with supplemental calcium and other nutrients as factors affecting the risk for kidney stones in women[J].Ann Intern Med,1997,126(7):497-504.

[12]BORGHI L,SCHIANCHI T,MESCHI T,et al.Comparison of two diets for the prevention of recurrent stones in idiopathic hypercalciuria[J].N Engl J Med,2002,346(2):77-84.

[13]ASPLIN J R.Hyperoxaluric calcium nephrolithiasis[J].Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am,2002,31(4):927-949.

[14]TAYLOR E N,CURHAN G C.Oxalate intake and the risk for nephrolithiasis[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2007,18(7):2198-2204.

[15]GOLDFARB D S.Microorganisms and calcium oxalate stone disease[J].Nephron.Physiol,2004,98(2):48-54.

[16]MILLINER D S.The primary hyperoxalurias:an algorithm for diagnosis[J].Am J Nephrol,2005,25(2):154-160.

[17]LIESKE J C,MONICO C G,HOLMES W S,et al.International registry for primary hyperoxaluria[J].Am J Nephrol,2005,25(3):290-296.

[18]WORCESTER E M.Stones from bowel disease[J].Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am,2002,31(4):979-999.

[19]ASPLIN J R,COE F L.Hyperoxaluria in kidney stone formers treated with modern bariatric surgery[J].J Urol,2007,177(2):565-569.

[20]PARKS J H,WORCESTER E M,O’CONNOR R C,et al.Urine stone risk factors in nephrolithiasis patients with and without bowel disease[J].Kidney Int,2003,63(1):255-265.

[21]PAK C Y C,SAKHAEE K,MOE O,et al.Biochemical profile of stone-forming patients with diabetes mellitus[J].Urology,2003,61(3):523-527.

[22]EKERUO W O,TAN Y H,YOUNG M D,et al.Metabolic risk factors and the impact of medical therapy on the management of nephrolithiasis in obese patients[J].J Urol,2004,172(1):159-163.

[23]ABATE N,CHANDALIA M,CABO-CHAN A V J,et al.The metabolic syndrome and uric acid nephrolithiasis:novel features of renal manifestation of insulin resistance[J].Kidney Int,2004,65(2):386-392.

[24]SAKHAEE K,ADAMS-HUET B,MOE O W,et al.Pathophysiologic basis for normouricosuric uric acid nephrolithiasis[J].Kidney Int,2002,62(3):971-979.

[25]PAK C Y C,POINDEXTER J R,PETERSON R D,et al.Biochemical distinction between hyperuricosuric calcium urolithiasis and gouty diathesis[J].Urology,2002,60(5):789-794.

[26]ETTINGER B,TANG A,CITRON J T,et al.Randomized trial of allopurinol in the prevention of calcium oxalate calculi[J].N Engl J Med,1986,315(22):1386-1389.

[27]WORCESTER E M,COE F L,EVAN A P,et al.Reduced renal function and benefits of treatment in cystinuria vs other forms of nephrolithiasis[J].BJU Int,2006,97(6):1285-1290.

[28]EVAN A P,COE F L,LINGEMAN J E,et al.Renal crystal deposits and histopathology in patients with cystine stones[J].Kidney Int,2006,69(12):2227-2235.

[29]NAKAGAWA Y,ASPLIN J R,GOLDFARB D S,et al.Clinical use of cystine supersaturation measurements[J].J Urol,2000,164(5):1481-1485.

[30]PAK C Y,FULLER C,SAKHAEE K,et al.Management of cystine nephrolithiasis with alphamercaptopropionylglycine[J].J Urol,1986,136(5):1003-1008.

[31]GOLDFARB D S,COE F L,ASPLIN J R.Urinary cystine excretion and capacity in patients with cystinuria[J].Kidney Int,2006,69(6):1041-1047.

[32]NICAR M J,HILL K,PAK C Y.Inhibition by citrate of spontaneous precipitation of calcium oxalate in vitro[J].J Bone Miner Res,1987,2(3):215-220.

[33]MOE O W,PREISIG P A.Dual role of citrate in mammalian urine[J].Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens,2006,15(4):419-424.

[34]LEMANN J J,PLEUSS J A,GRAY R W,et al.Potassium administration reduces and potassium deprivation increases urinary calcium excretion in healthy adults[corrected][J].Kidney Int,1991,39(5):973-983.

[35]BARCELO P,WUHL O,SERVITGE E,et al.Randomized double-blind study of potassium citrate in idiopathic hypocitraturic calcium nephrolithiasis[J].J Urol,1993,150(6):1761-1764.

[36]ETTINGER B,PAK C Y,CITRON J T,et al.Potassium-magnesium citrate is an effective prophylaxis against recurrent calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis[J].J Urol,1997,158(6):2069-2073.

[37]HOFBAUER J,HÖBARTH K,SZABO N,et al.Alkali citrate prophylaxis in idiopathic recurrent calcium oxalate urolithiasis-a prospective randomized study[J].Br J Urol,1994,73(4):362-365.

[38]COE F L,EVAN A,WORCESTER E.Pathophysiology-based treatment of idiopathic calcium kidney stones[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2011,6(8):2083-2092.

[39]SELTZER M A,LOW R K,MCDONALD M,et al.Dietary manipulation with lemonade to treat hypocitraturic calcium nephrolithiasis[J].J Urol,1996,156(3):907-909.

[40]PENNISTON K L,STEELE T H,NAKADA S Y.Lemonade therapy increases urinary citrate and urine volumes in patients with recurrent calcium oxalate stone formation[J].Urology,2007,70(5):856-860.

[41]KALE S S,GHOLE V S,PAWAR N J,et al.Inter-annual variability of urolithiasis epidemic from semi-arid part of Deccan Volcanic Province,India:climatic and hydrogeochemical perspectives[J].Int J Environ Health Res,2014,24(3):278-289.

[42]ALATAB S,POURMAND G,EL HOWAIRIS M E F,et al.National profiles of urinary calculi:a comparison between developing and developed worlds[J].Iran J Kidney Dis,2016,10(2):51-61.

[43]VINAROVA L,VINAROV Z,TCHOLAKOVA S,et al.The mechanism of lowering cholesterol absorption by calcium studied by using an in vitro digestion model[J].Food Funct,2016,7(1):151-163.

[44]GUASCH-FERRÉ M,BULLÓ M,BABIO N,et al.Mediterranean diet and risk of hyperuricemia in elderly participants at high cardiovascular risk[J].J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci,2013,68(10):1263-1270.

[45]THALUT K,RIZAL A,BROCKIS J G,et al.The endemic bladder stones of Indonesia-epidemiology and clinical features[J].Br J Urol,1976,48(7):617-621.

[46]YASUI T,IGUCHI M,SUZUKI S,et al.Prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of urolithiasis in Japan:national trends between 1965 and 2005[J].Urology,2008,71(2):209-213.

[47]SRIBOONLUE P,PRASONGWATANA V,CHATA K,et al.Prevalence of upper urinary tract stone disease in a rural community of north-eastern Thailand[J].Br J Urol,1992,69(3):240-244.

[48]AFAJ A H,SULTAN M A.Mineralogical composition of the urinary stones from different provinces in Iraq[J].Sci World J,2005,5:24-38.

[49]IGUCHI M,UMEKAWA T,KATOH Y,et al.Prevalence of urolithiasis in Kaizuka City,Japan-an epidemiologic study of urinary stones[J].Int J Urol,1996,3(3):175-179.

[50]SALEM S N,ABU ELEZZ L Z.The incidence of renal colic and calculi in Kuwait.An epidemiological study[J].J Med Liban,1969,22(6):747-755.

[51]ZENG Q,HE Y.Age-specific prevalence of kidney stones in Chinese urban inhabitants[J].Urolithiasis,2013,41(3):91-93.